Overview
Submission Instructions
Recent Publications
Frequently Asked Questions
Research Topics
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Biology of Sex Differences is a unique scientific journal that incorporates basic and clinical research focusing on sex differences.
Looking to publish in Biology of Sex Differences? Livewrite integrates seamlessly with Word to help you write, edit, and format faster.
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Impact Factor
5.1
Quartile
Q1
Open Access Type
Open
eISSN
2042-6410
Invitation Only
No
Cost Range
APC: £2490.00 GBP / $3290.00 USD / €2790.00 EUR, plus VAT or local taxes where applicable.
Submission Instructions
Biology of Sex Differences accepts the following article types. Click on an article type to view submission instructions.
Database
Cover Letter
Cover letter is required and must include an explanation of any issues relating to journal policies, a declaration of any potential competing interests, confirmation that all authors have approved the manuscript for submission, and the names of at least five potential reviewers with no conflicts of interest. Cover letter must include any issues relating to journal policies, any potential competing interests, confirmation that all authors approved the submission, and the names of at least five potential reviewers with no conflicts of interest.
Abstract
Abstract is required. Abstract must not exceed 350 words. Abstract must be structured. Abstract must include Background, Main body of the abstract, and short Conclusion.
Manuscript
Manuscript must include Highlights, Background, Construction and content, Utility and discussion, Conclusions, and a Declarations section with the required subheadings. Manuscript must include a bulleted Highlights section of no more than five items immediately after the abstract, three to ten keywords, all required Declarations subheadings, and documentation of any Large Language Model use in the Methods section or another suitable section.
References
References must follow Vancouver style. Only published or publicly available articles, clinical trial registration records, and abstracts may be cited, unpublished abstracts/data/personal communications must not appear in the reference list, web links and URLs must be numbered and included in the reference list, and dataset citations should include a persistent identifier such as a DOI expressed as a full URL.
Figures & Tables
Tables under one page may be placed within the manuscript, larger tables may be placed at the end of the text file, and figure titles and legends must be provided in the main manuscript rather than in the graphic files. Figures and tables must be numbered in the order first cited, multi-panel figures must be submitted as a single composite file, and tables must be created using the word processor’s table function rather than embedded as figures or spreadsheet files.
Research
Cover Letter
A cover letter is required for Research submissions. Research cover letters must name five non-collaborator reviewers not based at any author's home institute and give each reviewer's email address, institution, appropriateness to review the manuscript, any issues relating to journal policies, potential competing interests, and confirmation that all authors approved the submission.
Abstract
An abstract is required for Research articles. Research abstracts must not exceed 350 words. Research abstracts must be structured. Research abstracts must include the headings Background, Methods, Results, Conclusions, and Trial registration.
Manuscript
Research manuscripts must include a title page, the sections Background, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, a one-paragraph Perspectives and Significance section at the end of the Discussion, and a Declarations section containing the required declaration headings. Research articles must include a Plain English summary of no more than 250 words, a Highlights section immediately after the abstract as a bulleted list of no more than five items and no more than 150 words, three to ten keywords, and any non-relevant Declarations section must be included and written as 'Not applicable'.
References
Research references must follow Vancouver reference style. Only published or publicly available articles, clinical trial registration records, and abstracts may be cited, unpublished abstracts, unpublished data, and personal communications must not appear in the reference list, journal abbreviations must follow Index Medicus/MEDLINE, and URLs must be numbered and included in full in the reference list with the site title and access date.
Figures & Tables
Figure titles and legends must appear in the main manuscript rather than in the graphic file, tables shorter than one page may be placed within the manuscript, and longer tables may be placed at the end with their intended location indicated in the text. Figures and tables must be numbered in the order first cited, multi-panel figures must be submitted as a single composite file, figure titles must not exceed 15 words, figure and table legends must not exceed 300 words, table titles must not exceed 15 words, and tables must be created using the word processor's table function rather than embedded as figures or spreadsheet files.
Review
Cover Letter
Cover letter is required and must include any issues relating to journal policies, any potential competing interests, and confirmation that all authors have approved the manuscript for submission. Cover letter must explain any issues relating to journal policies, declare any potential competing interests, confirm all authors approved submission, and name the special issue if applicable.
Abstract
Abstract is required. Abstract must not exceed 350 words. Abstract must be structured. Abstract must include Background, main body, and short Conclusion.
Manuscript
Manuscript must include a Background section, a Conclusions section, a Highlights section immediately after the Abstract and before the Introduction, and a Declarations section. Manuscript must include up to five bulleted Highlights, three to ten keywords, an Availability of data and materials statement, a Declarations section with the specified subheadings, and documentation of any Large Language Model use in the Methods section or another suitable section if no Methods section is available.
References
References must follow Vancouver style. Only published or publicly available articles, clinical trial registration records, and abstracts may be cited, unpublished abstracts, unpublished data, and personal communications must be excluded from the reference list, and web links must be numbered and listed in full in the references.
Figures & Tables
Tables shorter than one page may be placed within the manuscript, tables longer than one page may be placed at the end of the document, and figure titles and legends must be provided in the main manuscript rather than in the graphic files. Figures and tables must be numbered in the order first cited, multi-panel figures must be submitted as a single composite file, table titles must not exceed 15 words, and figure and table legends must not exceed 300 words.
Position Statement
Cover Letter
A cover letter is required. Cover letter must explain any issues relating to journal policies, declare any potential competing interests, confirm all authors approved the submission, confirm the manuscript content has not been published or submitted elsewhere, and name the special issue if applicable.
Abstract
An abstract is required. Abstract must not exceed 250 words. Abstract must be unstructured and briefly summarize the aim, findings, or purpose of the article.
Manuscript
Main text must contain the body of the article and may be divided into subsections with short, informative headings, and the manuscript must include a Declarations section. Manuscript must include three to ten keywords, a list of abbreviations if abbreviations are used, the Declarations section with the specified subheadings, an Availability of data and materials statement, and documentation of any Large Language Model use in the Methods section or another suitable part of the manuscript.
References
References must follow Vancouver style. Only published or publicly available articles, clinical trial registration records, abstracts, and public e-prints or preprints may be cited; unpublished abstracts, unpublished data, and personal communications must not appear in the reference list; journal abbreviations must follow Index Medicus/MEDLINE; and all web links and URLs must be numbered and included in the reference list.
Figures & Tables
Tables shorter than one A4 or Letter page may be placed within the manuscript, larger tables may be placed at the end of the text file, figure titles and legends must appear in the main manuscript rather than in the graphic file, and figures must be uploaded separately in the order first cited. Figures and tables must be numbered in the order first cited, multi-panel figures must be submitted as single composite files, and tables must be created using the word processor table function rather than embedded as figures or spreadsheet files.
Commentary
Cover Letter
Cover letter is required and must include an explanation of any issues relating to journal policies, a declaration of any potential competing interests, confirmation that all authors approved the manuscript for submission, and the names of at least five potential reviewers with no conflicts of interest. Cover letter must include any issues relating to journal policies, any potential competing interests, confirmation of all authors' approval for submission, and at least five potential reviewers without conflicts of interest.
Abstract
Abstract is required. Abstract must not exceed 350 words. Abstract must be structured. Abstract must include Background, Main body of the abstract, and short Conclusion.
Manuscript
Commentary articles should be approximately 1500 words. Manuscript must include the section headings Background, Main text, Conclusions, List of abbreviations, Declarations, Footnotes, and References, with a Highlights section immediately after the Abstract and before the Introduction. Manuscript must include a Highlights section of no more than 150 words in up to five bullet points, three to ten keywords, a Declarations section with the required subheadings using 'Not applicable' where relevant, and documentation of any Large Language Model use in the Methods section or suitable alternative part of the manuscript.
References
Commentary articles are limited to 10 references. References must follow Vancouver reference style. Web links and URLs must be cited with a reference number and included in the reference list rather than in the text, and unpublished abstracts, unpublished data, and personal communications must not appear in the reference list.
Figures & Tables
Tables less than one page may be placed within the manuscript, while larger tables may be placed at the end of the document and cited at the intended location in the text. Figures and tables must be numbered in the order cited in the text, and tables must not be embedded as figures or spreadsheet files.
Recent Publications
Circulating CD38 shows stronger association with incident heart failure in women despite lower levels: sex differences and kidney-function context
Richard Mprah, Jeremiah Ong’Achwa Machuki, Prosperl Ivette Wowui, Diana Chulu, Yixuan Lei, Anastasia Wemaatu Lamawura Kanoseh, Manuella Quaye, Parfait Botolo Sakava, Simon Kumah Yalley, Joshua Nii Yemo Quarshie, Saffia Shaheen, Tao Dong, Hong Sun
10.1186/s13293-026-00924-7
View Publication
Sex differences in activations to the sight of faces, scenes, body parts and tools in visual and non-visual cortical regions leading to the human hippocampus
Ruohan Zhang, Edmund T. Rolls, Jianfeng Feng
10.1186/s13293-026-00933-6
View Publication
Born at higher risk: persistent male excess risk of cerebral palsy from extreme prematurity to term: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Barbara Gardella, Mattia Dominoni, Alessia Arossa, Arsenio Spinillo
10.1186/s13293-026-00935-4
View Publication
Of mice and gender: considering gender norms in rodent models
Liv Engel, Gillian Einstein, Robert R. Rozeske
10.1186/s13293-026-00909-6
View Publication
Early, sex-dependent and progressive proteomic imbalance in the amygdala during Alzheimer´s disease continuum
Silvia Romero-Murillo, Mercedes Lachén-Montes, Paz Cartas-Cejudo, Elena Anaya-Cubero, Marina de Miguel, Leire Extramiana, Isidro Ferrer, Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen, Enrique Santamaría
10.1186/s13293-026-00930-9
View Publication
Frequently asked questions
How long does it take to publish?
Submission to first decision (median): 9 days.
Reformat to Biology of Sex Differences using Livewrite PremiumIs a cover letter required?
A cover letter is required and should explain why the manuscript should be published in Biology of Sex Differences, address any issues relating to journal policies, declare any potential competing interests, confirm that all authors approved the submission, confirm that the content has not been published or submitted elsewhere, and name the special issue if applicable. Authors may also suggest preferred or non-preferred peer reviewers in the cover letter.
Reformat to Biology of Sex Differences using Livewrite PremiumWhat are the publication costs?
Article processing charge: £2490.00 GBP / $3290.00 USD / €2790.00 EUR, plus VAT or local taxes where applicable. Waivers and discounts may be available.
Reformat to Biology of Sex Differences using Livewrite PremiumResearch Topics
Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Stress Responses and Cortisol
Birth, Development, and Health
Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Estrogen and related hormone effects
Tryptophan and brain disorders
Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Hormonal and reproductive studies
Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Reproductive System and Pregnancy
Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Diversity and Career in Medicine
Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Gut microbiota and health
Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies