Overview
Submission Instructions
Recent Publications
Frequently Asked Questions
Research Topics
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Virulence publishes open access peer-reviewed research on microbial pathogenicity, infection processes, host-pathogen interactions, infectious diseases, emerging infectious agents, and antimicrobial resistance.
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Subject
Immunology, Infectious Diseases
Impact Factor
5.4
Quartile
Q1
Open Access Type
Open
ISSN
2150-5594
eISSN
2150-5608
Invitation Only
No
Cost Range
An article publishing charge (APC) may be required; waivers, discounts, or institutional agreements may reduce the cost
Submission Instructions
Virulence accepts the following article types. Click on an article type to view submission instructions.
Original Research
Cover Letter
Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract
Abstract is required.
Manuscript
Original research papers involving humans, animals, plants, biological material, protected or non-public datasets, collections, or sites must include a Methods section containing the required approval statement. Manuscripts must include author affiliations, funding information, a disclosure statement, and an author contributions statement placed before the references.
References
References requirements are not specified.
Figures & Tables
Figures & Tables requirements are not specified.
Systematic Reviews
Cover Letter
Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract
An abstract is required. The abstract must be 150 words. The abstract must be unstructured.
Manuscript
The manuscript must be organized in the following order: title page, abstract, keywords, main text introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, tables with captions on individual pages, figures, and figure captions as a list. The manuscript must include 5 to 10 keywords.
References
References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and each bibliographic entry must include a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables
Figures and tables may be placed within the text or submitted as separate documents.
Narrative Reviews
Cover Letter
Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract
Abstract is required. Abstract must be 150 words. Abstract must be unstructured.
Manuscript
Manuscript must be organized in the following order: title page, abstract, keywords, main text introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, tables with captions on individual pages, figures, and figure captions as a list. Manuscript must include between 5 and 10 keywords.
References
References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and every bibliographic entry must include a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables
Tables must be placed on individual pages and figures must be included after the tables with figure captions provided as a list. Figures must be of sufficient resolution to enable refereeing.
Research Article
Cover Letter
Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract
An abstract is required. The abstract must be 250 words. The abstract must be unstructured.
Manuscript
The manuscript must be organized in the following order: title page, abstract, keywords, main text introduction, patients and methods/materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, table(s) with caption(s) on individual pages, figures, and figure captions as a list. The manuscript must include 5 to 10 keywords.
References
References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and must include complete bibliographic details, with every entry having a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables
Figures and tables may be placed within the text or submitted as separate documents. Tables must have captions on individual pages, and figures should be of sufficient resolution to enable refereeing.
Review Article
Cover Letter
Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract
An abstract is required. Abstract must be 150 words. Abstract must be unstructured.
Manuscript
Manuscript must be ordered as title page, abstract, keywords, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, tables with captions on individual pages, figures, and a list of figure captions. Manuscript must include 5 to 10 keywords.
References
References may use any consistent scholarly citation format. References must include author name or names, journal or book title, article or chapter title, year of publication, volume and issue where appropriate, page numbers, and a corresponding in-text citation for every bibliographic entry.
Figures & Tables
Tables with captions must appear on individual pages, followed by figures and then a list of figure captions. Figures must be of sufficient resolution to enable refereeing.
Signature Reviews
Cover Letter
Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract
Abstract is required.
Manuscript
Signature Reviews may be of the order of 10,000 words of prose. Each Signature Review should provide a thorough and comprehensive summary of disease pathogenesis with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of the pathogen's virulence. Every Signature Review title must start with "Pathogenicity and Virulence of..." with an optional subtitle.
References
Signature Reviews may include up to 200-300 key references. References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and every bibliographic entry must have a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables
Signature Reviews are encouraged to summarize important aspects of the infectious process in up to 3 high-quality illustrative figures. Signature Reviews should provide accompanying tabulation of virulence factors and determinants of pathogenicity.
Letter To The Editor
Cover Letter
Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract
Abstract requirements are not specified.
Manuscript
Manuscript must be limited to 1500 words. Manuscript should be organized in the following order: title page, keywords, main text, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, tables with captions on individual pages, figures, and figure captions as a list. Manuscript must include 5 to 10 keywords.
References
References are limited to 20. References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and every bibliographic entry must have a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables
Manuscript is limited to 1 figure and/or table. Tables with captions should appear on individual pages, followed by figures and then figure captions as a list.
Recent Publications
Divergent roles of OmpA family proteins in physiology, stress tolerance, and virulence of Elizabethkingia miricola
Fangyuan Liu, Fafa He, Zemao Gu, Ruixue Hu
10.1080/21505594.2026.2645897
View Publication
PRRSV subverts host programmed cell death network for immune evasion
Shengming Ma, Qian Mao, Shaoting Weng, Kaiqi Lian, Zhihui Jiang, Jie Hao, Kunpeng Zhang
10.1080/21505594.2026.2655108
View Publication
High-throughput transposon sequencing identifies HprR as a key regulator of the LEE operon and virulence in E. coli O157:H7
Miaomiao Liu, Pan Wu, Tao Luo, Linxing Li, Yuchen Wang, Jingliang Qin, Dan Liu, Xiaoya Li, Binbin Xiang, Yuanyuan Niu, Lu Wang, Bin Liu
10.1080/21505594.2026.2653855
View Publication
Bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines: Current advancements, challenges, and future perspectives
Feng Pang, Shaobo Liang, Weijie Zhou
10.1080/21505594.2026.2645832
View Publication
Functional regulation and cross-talk of type III and type VI secretion systems in Salmonella
Xingyi Li, Ying Ding, Yu Sun, Yiting Gu, Wanli Feng, Yanyan Jia, Huimin Chen, Songbiao Chen
10.1080/21505594.2026.2645873
View Publication
Frequently asked questions
How long does it take to publish?
22 days to first decision; 65 days to first post-review decision; 12 days from acceptance to online publication
Reformat to Virulence using Livewrite PremiumWhat are the publication costs?
An article publishing charge (APC) may be required for open access publication; waivers, discounts, or institutional agreements may reduce or eliminate the charge.
Reformat to Virulence using Livewrite PremiumResearch Topics
Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Fungal Infections and Studies
Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Vibrio bacteria research studies
Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Streptococcal Infections and Treatments
Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
Escherichia coli research studies
Viral Infections and Vectors
Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Animal Virus Infections Studies
Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
Mycobacterium research and diagnosis
Immune Response and Inflammation
Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
Influenza Virus Research Studies
Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
interferon and immune responses
Gut microbiota and health
Viral Infections and Immunology Research