Vi

Virulence

Virulence publishes open access peer-reviewed research on microbial pathogenicity, infection processes, host-pathogen interactions, infectious diseases, emerging infectious agents, and antimicrobial resistance.

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Subject Immunology, Infectious Diseases
Impact Factor 5.4
Quartile Q1
Open Access Type Open
ISSN 2150-5594
eISSN 2150-5608
Invitation Only No
Cost Range An article publishing charge (APC) may be required; waivers, discounts, or institutional agreements may reduce the cost

Submission Instructions

Virulence accepts the following article types. Click on an article type to view submission instructions.

Original Research

Cover Letter Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract Abstract is required.
Manuscript Original research papers involving humans, animals, plants, biological material, protected or non-public datasets, collections, or sites must include a Methods section containing the required approval statement. Manuscripts must include author affiliations, funding information, a disclosure statement, and an author contributions statement placed before the references.
References References requirements are not specified.
Figures & Tables Figures & Tables requirements are not specified.
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Systematic Reviews

Cover Letter Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract An abstract is required. The abstract must be 150 words. The abstract must be unstructured.
Manuscript The manuscript must be organized in the following order: title page, abstract, keywords, main text introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, tables with captions on individual pages, figures, and figure captions as a list. The manuscript must include 5 to 10 keywords.
References References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and each bibliographic entry must include a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables Figures and tables may be placed within the text or submitted as separate documents.
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Narrative Reviews

Cover Letter Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract Abstract is required. Abstract must be 150 words. Abstract must be unstructured.
Manuscript Manuscript must be organized in the following order: title page, abstract, keywords, main text introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, tables with captions on individual pages, figures, and figure captions as a list. Manuscript must include between 5 and 10 keywords.
References References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and every bibliographic entry must include a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables Tables must be placed on individual pages and figures must be included after the tables with figure captions provided as a list. Figures must be of sufficient resolution to enable refereeing.
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Research Article

Cover Letter Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract An abstract is required. The abstract must be 250 words. The abstract must be unstructured.
Manuscript The manuscript must be organized in the following order: title page, abstract, keywords, main text introduction, patients and methods/materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, table(s) with caption(s) on individual pages, figures, and figure captions as a list. The manuscript must include 5 to 10 keywords.
References References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and must include complete bibliographic details, with every entry having a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables Figures and tables may be placed within the text or submitted as separate documents. Tables must have captions on individual pages, and figures should be of sufficient resolution to enable refereeing.
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Review Article

Cover Letter Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract An abstract is required. Abstract must be 150 words. Abstract must be unstructured.
Manuscript Manuscript must be ordered as title page, abstract, keywords, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, tables with captions on individual pages, figures, and a list of figure captions. Manuscript must include 5 to 10 keywords.
References References may use any consistent scholarly citation format. References must include author name or names, journal or book title, article or chapter title, year of publication, volume and issue where appropriate, page numbers, and a corresponding in-text citation for every bibliographic entry.
Figures & Tables Tables with captions must appear on individual pages, followed by figures and then a list of figure captions. Figures must be of sufficient resolution to enable refereeing.
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Signature Reviews

Cover Letter Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract Abstract is required.
Manuscript Signature Reviews may be of the order of 10,000 words of prose. Each Signature Review should provide a thorough and comprehensive summary of disease pathogenesis with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of the pathogen's virulence. Every Signature Review title must start with "Pathogenicity and Virulence of..." with an optional subtitle.
References Signature Reviews may include up to 200-300 key references. References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and every bibliographic entry must have a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables Signature Reviews are encouraged to summarize important aspects of the infectious process in up to 3 high-quality illustrative figures. Signature Reviews should provide accompanying tabulation of virulence factors and determinants of pathogenicity.
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Letter To The Editor

Cover Letter Cover Letter requirements are not specified.
Abstract Abstract requirements are not specified.
Manuscript Manuscript must be limited to 1500 words. Manuscript should be organized in the following order: title page, keywords, main text, acknowledgments, declaration of interest statement, references, appendices as appropriate, tables with captions on individual pages, figures, and figure captions as a list. Manuscript must include 5 to 10 keywords.
References References are limited to 20. References may be in any consistent scholarly citation format and every bibliographic entry must have a corresponding in-text citation.
Figures & Tables Manuscript is limited to 1 figure and/or table. Tables with captions should appear on individual pages, followed by figures and then figure captions as a list.
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Recent Publications

Enterovirus 2B protein: From viroporin to membrane stress sensor, mechanistic principles of multi-pathway regulation

Zengjun Ji, Yikun Chen, Hongxing Shen

10.1080/21505594.2026.2739074
View Publication

Gut microbiota and metabolic characteristics in PWHIV with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)

Huiting Liu, Tianzhen Xu, Yongzheng Guo, Xiaotang Zhou, Chunhui Yan, Biao Zhu, Yirui Xie

10.1080/21505594.2026.2739091
View Publication

The long noncoding RNA MAPKAPK5-AS1 promotes the formation of hepatitis B virus cccDNA by modulating the expression of NABP1

Xiaolu Zhang, Tingting Liu, Qiuyue Jiang, Zhijie Hu, Shan Cen, Quan Zhang

10.1080/21505594.2026.2745300
View Publication

Integrated multi-omics analysis identifies PPAR signaling network associations with metabolic-immune dysregulation and intestinal injury in PDCoV-infected piglets

Xingchen Guo, Chao A, Yijie Ding, Yudan Zhang, Haijuan Zhang, Jinyong Wang, Yiyu Zhang, Tao Wang

10.1080/21505594.2026.2739013
View Publication

Coordination of quorum sensing with T3SS and T6SS: Bacterial strategies for combating fungal pathogens

Yuanyuan Ma, Anmin Ren, Xiaolei Ji, Yihua Sun, Peng Xue, Liang Yang

10.1080/21505594.2026.2739060
View Publication

Frequently asked questions

How long does it take to publish?

22 days to first decision; 65 days to first post-review decision; 12 days from acceptance to online publication

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What are the publication costs?

An article publishing charge (APC) may be required for open access publication; waivers, discounts, or institutional agreements may reduce or eliminate the charge.

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Research Topics

Antifungal resistance and susceptibility Fungal Infections and Studies Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Vibrio bacteria research studies Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing Streptococcal Infections and Treatments Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology Escherichia coli research studies Viral Infections and Vectors Bacteriophages and microbial interactions Mosquito-borne diseases and control Animal Virus Infections Studies Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology Mycobacterium research and diagnosis Immune Response and Inflammation Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities Aquaculture disease management and microbiota Influenza Virus Research Studies Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology interferon and immune responses Gut microbiota and health Viral Infections and Immunology Research

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